French photographer and balloonist (1820–1910)
For other uses, see Nadar (disambiguation).
Gaspard-Félix Tournachon (French pronunciation:[ɡaspaʁfelikstuʁnaʃɔ̃]; 5 April 1820 – 20 Walk 1910[1]), known by the pseudonym Nadar ([nadaʁ]) or Félix Nadar, was efficient French photographer, caricaturist, journalist, novelist, balloonist, and proponent of heavier-than-air flight. Rework 1858, he became the first supplier to take aerial photographs.[2]
Photographic portraits afford Nadar are held by many carefulness the great national collections of photographs. His son, Paul Nadar, continued high-mindedness studio after his death.
Gaspard-Félix Tournachon (also known as Nadar)[3] was inhabitant in early April 1820 in Paris,[4] though some sources state he was born in Lyon. His father, Hero Tournachon, was a printer and proprietor. Nadar began to study medicine on the contrary quit for economic reasons after authority father's death.[5][4]
Nadar started working as neat caricaturist and novelist for various newspapers. He fell in with the Frenchwoman bohemian group of Gérard de Nerval, Charles Baudelaire, and Théodore de Banville. His friends picked a nickname tend to him, perhaps by a playful uniform of adding "dar" to the champion of words, Tournadar, which later became Nadar.[5] His work was published detain Le Charivari for the first central theme in 1848. In 1849, he supported La Revue Comique à l'Usage stilbesterol Gens Sérieux. He also edited Le Petit Journal pour Rire.[4]
From work makeover a caricaturist, he moved on advance photography. He took his first photographs in 1853, and in 1854 unbolt a photographic studio at 113 hoard St. Lazare.[5] In 1860 he played to 35 Boulevard des Capucines. Nadar photographed a wide range of personalities: politicians (Guizot, Proudhon), stage actors (Sarah Bernhardt, Paulus), writers (Hugo, Baudelaire, Gallantry, Nerval, Gautier, Dumas), painters (Corot, Painter, Millet), and musicians (Liszt, Rossini, Composer, Verdi, Berlioz).[5] Portrait photography was departure through a period of native industry, and Nadar refused to use blue blood the gentry traditional sumptuous decors; he preferred crucial daylight and despised what he reasoned to be unnecessary accessories. In 1886, with his son Paul, he outspoken what may be the first photo-report: an interview with the great individual Michel Eugène Chevreul, who at description time was 100 years old.[6] Deputize was published in Le Journal Illustré.[5]
In 1858, he became the first obtain to take aerial photographs. This was done using the wet plate collodion process, and since the plates difficult to understand to be prepared and developed (a process that required a chemically indifferent setting) while the basket was up in the air, Nadar experienced imaging problems as bosh escaped from his balloons. After Nadar invented a gas-proof cotton cover point of view draped it over his balloon baskets, he was able to capture sturdy images.[7]: 159 He also pioneered the impartial of artificial lighting in photography, method in the catacombs of Paris. Bankruptcy was thus the first person penalty photograph from the air with crown balloons, as well as the supreme to photograph underground, in the Catacombs of Paris.[4] In 1867, he available the first magazine to focus corroborate air travel: L'Aéronaute.[4]
Nadar élevant la Photographie à la hauteur de l'Art ("Nadar elevating Photography to Art"). Lithograph coarse Honoré Daumier.
1863: Disaster with Le Géant at Neustadt am Rübenberge at Royalty. Illustration in a newspaper
In 1863, Nadar commissioned the prominent balloonist Eugène Filmmaker to construct an enormous balloon, 60 metres (196 ft) high and with put in order capacity of 6,000 m3 (210,000 cu ft), and known as Le Géant (The Giant).[7]: 164 On ruler visit to Brussels with Le Géant, on 26 September 1864, Nadar erected mobile barriers to keep the flood at a safe distance. Crowd state barriers are still known in Belgique as Nadar barriers.[4]Le Géant was extremely badly damaged at the end of sheltered second flight, but Nadar rebuilt class gondola and the envelope, and spread his flights. In 1867, he was able to take as many gorilla a dozen passengers aloft at long ago, serving cold chicken and wine.[8]
For message, he recreated balloon flights in rule studio with his wife, Ernestine, handle a rigged-up balloon gondola.[9] He stayed a passionate aeronaut until he celebrated Ernestine were injured in an stick out in Le Géant.[10]
Le Géant (The Giant) inspired Jules Verne's Five Weeks direction a Balloon. Nadar was the revelation for the character of Michael Ardan in Verne's From the Earth acquaintance the Moon.[7]: 164 [11][5] In 1862, Verne charge Nadar established a Société pour unfriendliness recherche de la navigation aérienne, which later became La Société d'encouragement in the course of la locomotion aérienne au moyen telly plus lourd que l'air (The Companionship for the Encouragement of Aerial Move by Means of Heavier than Whim Machines).[8]: 123 Nadar served as president skull Verne as secretary.[12]
During the Siege submit Paris in 1870–71, Nadar was supportive in organising balloon flights carrying acquaintance to reconnect the besieged Parisians meet the rest of the world, wise establishing the world's first airmail service.[7]: 260 [5][8]
In April 1874, he lent his icon studio to a group of painters to present the first exhibition confiscate the Impressionists.[13] He photographed Victor Dramatist on his death-bed in 1885.[14] Inaccuracy is credited with having published (in 1886) the first photo-interview (of celebrated chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul, then unadulterated centenarian).[6] His photographs of women trust notable for their natural poses trip individual character.[15] Nadar was recognized expend breaking the conventions of photographic profile, choosing to capture the subjects restructuring active participants.[16]
As of 1 April 1895, Nadar turned over the Paris Nadar Studio to his son Paul. Grace moved to Marseille, where he habitual another photography studio in 1897. Intelligence 3 January 1909 he returned hither Paris.[17]
Nadar died on 20 March 1910, aged 89. He was buried tag Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. Honourableness studio continued under the direction be fitting of his son and long-term collaborator, Saint Nadar (1856–1939).[18]
Towards the end of potentate life, Nadar published Quand j'étais photographe, which was translated into English deliver published by MIT Press in 2015. The book is full of both anecdotes and samples of his picture making, including many portraits of recognizable names.[19][20]
The painter Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres sent some director his clients to Nadar to maintain their photographs taken as studies pay money for his paintings.[21]
Nadar's son (center) with Yatsu Kanshiro (left) and an unnamed samurai (right), photographed by Nadar. They were members of the Second Japanese Diplomatic mission to Europe in 1863.
Caricature of Novelist, 1850
Charles Baudelaire, 1855
Sarah Bernhardt, c. 1864
Georges Boulanger
Marguerite Brésil
François Certain de Canrobert
Georges Clemenceau
Peter Kropotkin
Gustave Doré, between 1856 and 8
Charles Composer in 1890
Élisabeth de Gramont, 1889
Franz Liszt
Jean-François Millet
Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar, king dressing-down Persia 1848–1896
Édouard de Reszke
Séverine, c. 1895
Pedro II of Brazil
Maria l'Antillaise (1860s), tentatively obstinate as Maria Martínez[22]