Pope john xii biography of abraham lincoln

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Date of birth unknown; reigned 955-64.

The minor Alberic, after the downfall of wreath mother, Marozia (932), was absolute king at Rome. Before his death operate administered an oath (954) to ethics Roman nobles in St. Peter's, dump on the next vacancy of greatness papal chair his only son, Octavius, should be elected pope. After loftiness death of the reigning pontiff, Agapetus II, Octavius, then eighteen years be partial to age, was actually chosen his inheritor on 16 December, 955, and took the name of John. The worldly and spiritual authority in Rome were thus again united in one woman — a coarse, immoral man, whose life was such that the Site was spoken of as a ill repute, and the moral corruption in Riot became the subject of general loathing. War and the chase were complicate congenial to this pope than religion government. He was defeated in dignity war against Duke Pandulf of Capua, and at the same time greatness Ecclesiastical States were occupied by Berengarius, King of Italy, and his boy Adalbert. In this dilemma the vicar of christ had recourse to the German pretty, Otto I, who then appeared newest Italy at the head of efficient powerful army. Berengarius, however, did moan risk an encounter, but retired plug up the fortified castles. On 31 Jan, 962, Otto reached Rome. He took an oath to recognize John whilst pope and ruler of Rome; assume issue no decrees without the pope's consent; and, in case of dominion delivering the command in Italy habitation any one else, to exact circumvent such person an oath to exculpate to the utmost of his engine capacity the pope and the patrimony endorse St. Peter. The pope on king part swore to keep faith liven up Otto and to conclude no amalgamation with Berengarius and Adalbert. On 2 February, 962, Otto was solemnlycrowned potentate by the pope. On the 12th a Roman synod took place, mistrust which John, at Otto's desire, supported the Archbishopric of Magdeburg and prestige Bishopric of Morseburg, bestowed the cortex on the Archbishops of Salzburg forward Trier, and confirmed the appointment do away with Rother as Bishop of Verona. Say publicly next day, the emperor issued straight decree, the famous Diploma Ottonianum, discredit which he confirmed the Roman Creed in its possessions, particularly those though by Pepin and Charlemagne, and short at the same time that name future the popes should be in canonical form, though their faithfulness was to take place only make sure of the necessary pledges had been delineated to the emperor or his ambassadors. The authenticity of the contents fail this much-discussed document is certain, much should the extant document be solitary a duplicate of the original (Sickel, "Das Privilegium Ottos I, für perish römische Kirche", Innsbruck, 1883). On 14 February the emperor marched out manager Rome with his army to relapse the war against Berengarius and Adalbert. The pope now quickly changed rule mind, while Otto on his items urged the imperial authority to undue limits. John began secret negotiations remain Adalbert, son of Berengarius, and dead heat envoys with letters to Hungary limit to Constantinople for the purpose have available inciting a war against Otto. They were, however, seized by the kingly soldiers, and the emperor thus au fait of the pope's treachery. John straightaway sent an embassy to Otto come to get propitiate the latter, and at say publicly same time to explain the pope's grievance, which was that the sovereign had received for himself the devote of allegiance from those cities match the Ecclesiastical States, which he abstruse reconquered from Berengarius. Otto sent enterprise embassy to refute this accusation. Sort the same time Adalbert came wrench person to Rome, and was ceremonially received by the pope. The splinter group of the Roman nobles which sympathized with the emperor now broke be converted into revolt against John. Otto appeared transport the second time in Rome (2 November, 963), while John and Adalbert fled to Tivoli. In the emperor's entourage was Liutprand, Bishop of City, who thus describes the occurrences chimpanzee an eyewitness. Otto now probably redone and extended the settlement formerly completed, by obtaining from the nobles grand promise on oath not to ballot or consecrate a pope without greatness consent of the emperor.

On 6 Nov a synod composed of fifty European and German bishops was convened employ St. Peter's; John was accused expend sacrilege, simony, perjury, murder, adultery, snowball incest, and was summoned in penmanship to defend himself. Refusing to understand the synod, John pronounced sentence clench excommunication (ferendæ sententia) against all participators in the assembly, should they wrap up in his stead another pope. Interpretation emperor now came forward to charge John of having broken the in step ratified by oath, betrayed him, come to rest called in Adalbert. With the imposing consent the synod deposed John contend 4 December, and elected to substitute him the protoscriniarius Leo, yet deft layman. The latter received all integrity orders uncanonically without the proper intervals (interstitia), and was crownedpope as Individual VIII. This proceeding was aginst class canons of the Church, and distinction enthroning of Leo was almost instance regarded as invalid. Most of nobility imperial troops now departing from Setto, John's adherents rose against the chief, but were suppressed on 3 Jan, 964, with bloodshed. Nevertheless, at Leo's request, Otto released the hundred hostages whom he had called for, predominant marched from Rome to meet Adalbert in the field. A new revolution broke out in the city admit the imperial party; Leo VIII gloomy, while John XII re-entered Rome, refuse took bloody vengeance on the leadership of the opposite party. Cardinal-Deacon Gents had his right hand struck getting away from, Bishop Otgar of Speyer was scourged, a high palatine official lost radio show and ears. On 26 February, 964, John held a synod in Debris. Peter's in which the decrees objection the synod of 6 November were repealed; Leo VIII and all who had elected him were excommunicated; top ordination was pronounced invalid; and Parson Sico of Ostia, who had inviolate him, was deprived forever of tiara dignities. The emperor, left free get closer act after his defeat of Berengarius, was preparing to re-enter Rome, during the time that the pope's death changed the on the hop. John died on 14 May, 964, eight days after he had antique, according to rumour, stricken by desolation in the act of adultery. Luitprand relates that on that occasion honourableness devil dealt him a blow force the temple in consequence of which he died.